YDT Okuma Parçası Testi 2

Artificial light at night has transformed the way humans live, allowing work and leisure to continue long after sunset. However, scientists are becoming increasingly aware that this light has unintended consequences for wildlife. Many animals rely on natural cycles of light and darkness to regulate their behaviour. Sea turtle hatchlings, for example, find their way to the ocean by moving towards the brighter horizon over the water; near brightly lit coastal towns, they often crawl inland instead, where they die from exhaustion or are caught by predators. Migrating birds, which use the stars to navigate, can become disoriented by the glow of cities and may circle illuminated buildings until they collapse. Insects are affected too: streetlights attract huge numbers of moths, many of which are eaten or simply die before morning. Unlike other forms of pollution, however, light pollution can be reduced almost instantly. Shielding lamps so that they point downwards, switching to warmer colours and turning off unnecessary lights during migration seasons have all been shown to make a significant difference.

The passage mainly discusses ----.

Artificial light at night has transformed the way humans live, allowing work and leisure to continue long after sunset. However, scientists are becoming increasingly aware that this light has unintended consequences for wildlife. Many animals rely on natural cycles of light and darkness to regulate their behaviour. Sea turtle hatchlings, for example, find their way to the ocean by moving towards the brighter horizon over the water; near brightly lit coastal towns, they often crawl inland instead, where they die from exhaustion or are caught by predators. Migrating birds, which use the stars to navigate, can become disoriented by the glow of cities and may circle illuminated buildings until they collapse. Insects are affected too: streetlights attract huge numbers of moths, many of which are eaten or simply die before morning. Unlike other forms of pollution, however, light pollution can be reduced almost instantly. Shielding lamps so that they point downwards, switching to warmer colours and turning off unnecessary lights during migration seasons have all been shown to make a significant difference.

According to the passage, sea turtle hatchlings near brightly lit towns ----.

Artificial light at night has transformed the way humans live, allowing work and leisure to continue long after sunset. However, scientists are becoming increasingly aware that this light has unintended consequences for wildlife. Many animals rely on natural cycles of light and darkness to regulate their behaviour. Sea turtle hatchlings, for example, find their way to the ocean by moving towards the brighter horizon over the water; near brightly lit coastal towns, they often crawl inland instead, where they die from exhaustion or are caught by predators. Migrating birds, which use the stars to navigate, can become disoriented by the glow of cities and may circle illuminated buildings until they collapse. Insects are affected too: streetlights attract huge numbers of moths, many of which are eaten or simply die before morning. Unlike other forms of pollution, however, light pollution can be reduced almost instantly. Shielding lamps so that they point downwards, switching to warmer colours and turning off unnecessary lights during migration seasons have all been shown to make a significant difference.

It can be inferred from the passage that light pollution differs from other types of pollution in that ----.

Artificial light at night has transformed the way humans live, allowing work and leisure to continue long after sunset. However, scientists are becoming increasingly aware that this light has unintended consequences for wildlife. Many animals rely on natural cycles of light and darkness to regulate their behaviour. Sea turtle hatchlings, for example, find their way to the ocean by moving towards the brighter horizon over the water; near brightly lit coastal towns, they often crawl inland instead, where they die from exhaustion or are caught by predators. Migrating birds, which use the stars to navigate, can become disoriented by the glow of cities and may circle illuminated buildings until they collapse. Insects are affected too: streetlights attract huge numbers of moths, many of which are eaten or simply die before morning. Unlike other forms of pollution, however, light pollution can be reduced almost instantly. Shielding lamps so that they point downwards, switching to warmer colours and turning off unnecessary lights during migration seasons have all been shown to make a significant difference.

The author mentions moths in order to ----.

In a well-known type of experiment, half of the participants are given a coffee mug and then asked how much they would sell it for, while the other half are asked how much they would pay to buy the same mug. Standard economic theory predicts that the two prices should be roughly equal, since the object is identical. In practice, however, owners typically demand about twice as much as buyers are willing to pay. This pattern, known as the endowment effect, suggests that people value things more highly simply because they own them. One explanation is loss aversion: giving up something we possess feels like a loss, and losses seem to affect us more strongly than equivalent gains. The effect has practical consequences. Companies that offer free trial periods, for instance, may be relying on it, as customers who have grown used to a product are reluctant to give it up. Interestingly, the effect appears to be weaker among experienced traders, who are used to regarding goods as things to be exchanged rather than kept.

According to the passage, in the mug experiment ----.

In a well-known type of experiment, half of the participants are given a coffee mug and then asked how much they would sell it for, while the other half are asked how much they would pay to buy the same mug. Standard economic theory predicts that the two prices should be roughly equal, since the object is identical. In practice, however, owners typically demand about twice as much as buyers are willing to pay. This pattern, known as the endowment effect, suggests that people value things more highly simply because they own them. One explanation is loss aversion: giving up something we possess feels like a loss, and losses seem to affect us more strongly than equivalent gains. The effect has practical consequences. Companies that offer free trial periods, for instance, may be relying on it, as customers who have grown used to a product are reluctant to give it up. Interestingly, the effect appears to be weaker among experienced traders, who are used to regarding goods as things to be exchanged rather than kept.

The example of free trial periods is given to show that ----.

In a well-known type of experiment, half of the participants are given a coffee mug and then asked how much they would sell it for, while the other half are asked how much they would pay to buy the same mug. Standard economic theory predicts that the two prices should be roughly equal, since the object is identical. In practice, however, owners typically demand about twice as much as buyers are willing to pay. This pattern, known as the endowment effect, suggests that people value things more highly simply because they own them. One explanation is loss aversion: giving up something we possess feels like a loss, and losses seem to affect us more strongly than equivalent gains. The effect has practical consequences. Companies that offer free trial periods, for instance, may be relying on it, as customers who have grown used to a product are reluctant to give it up. Interestingly, the effect appears to be weaker among experienced traders, who are used to regarding goods as things to be exchanged rather than kept.

It can be understood from the passage that experienced traders ----.

Birds that live in cities face a problem that their rural relatives do not: constant background noise from traffic and construction. Because most of this noise is low in pitch, it tends to mask the lower notes of birdsong, making it harder for birds to attract mates and defend their territories. Studies in several European cities have found that some species, such as the great tit, sing at a higher pitch in noisy areas than in quiet ones. Others appear to adjust their timing instead, singing earlier in the morning, before the rush hour begins, or even at night. Whether these changes are learned or inherited is still unclear, and the answer probably differs from species to species. What is clear is that not all birds are able to adapt. Species whose songs are naturally low-pitched and difficult to change are often found in smaller numbers in urban areas, which suggests that noise may be quietly shaping which species can live alongside humans.

According to the passage, city noise is a problem for birds mainly because ----.

Birds that live in cities face a problem that their rural relatives do not: constant background noise from traffic and construction. Because most of this noise is low in pitch, it tends to mask the lower notes of birdsong, making it harder for birds to attract mates and defend their territories. Studies in several European cities have found that some species, such as the great tit, sing at a higher pitch in noisy areas than in quiet ones. Others appear to adjust their timing instead, singing earlier in the morning, before the rush hour begins, or even at night. Whether these changes are learned or inherited is still unclear, and the answer probably differs from species to species. What is clear is that not all birds are able to adapt. Species whose songs are naturally low-pitched and difficult to change are often found in smaller numbers in urban areas, which suggests that noise may be quietly shaping which species can live alongside humans.

It is stated in the passage that some birds respond to noise by ----.

Birds that live in cities face a problem that their rural relatives do not: constant background noise from traffic and construction. Because most of this noise is low in pitch, it tends to mask the lower notes of birdsong, making it harder for birds to attract mates and defend their territories. Studies in several European cities have found that some species, such as the great tit, sing at a higher pitch in noisy areas than in quiet ones. Others appear to adjust their timing instead, singing earlier in the morning, before the rush hour begins, or even at night. Whether these changes are learned or inherited is still unclear, and the answer probably differs from species to species. What is clear is that not all birds are able to adapt. Species whose songs are naturally low-pitched and difficult to change are often found in smaller numbers in urban areas, which suggests that noise may be quietly shaping which species can live alongside humans.

It can be inferred from the passage that ----.